Do You Know a Child that Does Not Want to Ride a Bike? Essay

Do you know a kid that wouldn't like to ride a bicycle? Well I don't know anybody. This implies I was a solid little youngster like other people who were happy to figure out how to ride the bike. I recall that procedure so I think I was around five years of age. Accordingly, to get the hang of riding a bicycle all alone without the preparation wheels was an energizing encounter. At that point I didn't consider bike mishaps at all and results. At long last, when you figure out how to ride the bicycle it keeps going forever and that for what reason is so imperative to do it at youth age. I was energized when my folks got me a bicycle. This implied it was about an ideal opportunity for me to master riding a bicycle all alone. I was unable to hold up until my father put all the bicycle sorts out. I recall how I sat on the bicycle and got so frightened â€Å"how am I going to figure out how to ride my bike?†. My father made me quiet down when he revealed to me that he is going to hold the bicycle and I will be fine. In spite of the fact that, I despite everything was terrified yet I confided in my father and began squeezing the pedals. Everything was working out in a good way so I was getting progressively energized and interested. Be that as it may, I overlooked my father holding the bicycle constantly. After while my father let go the bicycle and I fell obviously I cry and got enough for one day. At long last, I understand that it will be troublesome and testing to lear rinding the bicycle. Be that as it may, I despite everything believed that riding a bicycle is so much fun however it will take a great deal of training. The following day toward the beginning of the day I was prepared to do it again obviously with assistance of my father. Hence, I experienced my father the morning. At long last, he consented to support me. This time I was riding the bicycle substantially more steady and quicker so my father was running and got drained rapidly since he didn't need me to fall once more. Along these lines, our exercise didn't keep going long yet I felt certain after and for the following day I was prepared to attempt everything without anyone else. Henceforth, the following day my valuable learning was going easily. At long last, by looking forward and accelerating I was riding the bicycle all alone just because. This day bring me so much joy and new experience. Riding the bicycle it is so much fun however some of the time mishaps occur and they hurt to such an extent. I likewise, recollect my mishap and how all that occurred. I felt that I am brilliant bike rider as of now and I rode the bicycle so quick. Until my mother saw me, she yell immediately â€Å"slow down† hence, I braked to hard. Hence, as of now my body leaped out of the bicycles controlling wheel to the front. I arrived on the ground moreover I didn't move by any means. My mother was dumbfounded and in her psyche thought flashed â€Å"is she is dead†. I realize that since she disclosed to me later. She at long last approached get me and see whether I am fine. After the mishap I had several wounds however nothing broken. This was my first enormous mishap however I discover that I ought not ride so quick and be cautious more when I am on the bicycle. Riding the bike is significant in light of the fact that it is acceptable exercise thus much for when the entire family can ride their own bicycle. In any case, we should recollect that the simplest route is to learn at youthful age. While we are kids we are overlook all the wounds so rapidly. Also, youngsters are not all that terrified and don't surrender so without any problem. Some of the time regardless of whether the kids would prefer not to do it again it is such a great amount of simpler to persuade them with great a model or exhortation. Youngsters will listen quicker than grown-ups and will attempt once more. These are generally the motivation behind why I am appreciative to my folks that I realize how to ride the bicycle as a youngster. Since I figured out how to ride the bicycle as a kid I transferred to my youngsters. Me and my family draw benefits by riding a bicycle throughout the late spring. That for what reason is essential to become familiar with the bicycle extraordinarily when we are youthful. All in all, getting the hang of riding the bike is significant uniquely at youthful age. Besides, it is a major and exciting experience which one bring joy for rest of the life. Bike mishaps simply show as a thing or two how to ride all the more securely. In this manner, all the guardians should enable their kids to get the hang of riding a bicycle so a short time later they will be appreciative to them for realizing how to ride the bicycle.

Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Examination of Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Slopes Like White Elephants, is a short story,. It is an anecdote about a man and a lady holding up at a train station discussing an issue that they never name. I accept this issue is premature birth. In this paper I will demonstrate that the young lady in the story, what name's identity is' Jig, at last chooses to feel free to have the child despite the fact that the man, who doesn't have a name, needs her to have a premature birth. It is the finish of the story that makes me think this. As a matter of first importance I will demonstrate that it is a premature birth that this couple is examining. The man says that it is an activity, and a premature birth is an activity. Likewise, he says that it is simply to give the air access, which can be deciphered as implying that the specialists who are playing out the premature birth will give the air access to the uterus as they expel the embryo. The man says that he has known loads of individuals that have done it. Which recommends this is a typical activity like a fetus removal. It likewise shows the ethical degeneracy of the universe of these individuals on the grounds that such huge numbers of ladies are having premature births. At long last, the man says that he needs their relationship to be much the same as we were previously. This recommends the relationship has changed, as it would with an infant, if the young lady has a fetus removal things will come back to equivalent to before the pregnancy. We don't have the fogg iest idea what the couple acted like before the pregnancy, be that as it may, we are absolutely not intended to like their conduct as they talk about the premature birth. Since I have set up that the couple is having a premature birth, I will build up the young lady's conduct since this is significant for making sense of the manner by which she has decided toward the finish of the story. From the get-go in the story we get a brief look at J... ... now in the story is the consequence of being disregarded for a couple of moments with the goal that she could choose what she need to do all alone. Her last remark that There's nothing amiss with me tells us that she no longer considers the to be as something incorrectly. She has acknowledged her pregnancy and plans to keep the child. All in all, Ernest Hemingway's short story Slopes Like White Elephants is about a man and a lady battling to manage an undesirable child. The creator, never expressly mentions to us what the young lady chooses to do about the infant, however he gives us enough signs to make sense of what she has chosen before the finish of the story. These pieces of information have to do with the story's tone like the way that the things that the person says cause us to comprehend Jig's tone of objection. Generally speaking this story resembles a chunk of ice with the vast majority of the substance stowing away underneath the surface.

Excessive Wathcing Of Television And The Negative Effects It Has On

Excessive Wathcing Of Television And The Negative Effects It Has On Excessive Wathcing Of Television And The Negative Effects It Has On Children â€" Thesis Example > Introduction: Visual media are an attraction for children, and they spend a lot of their free time watching television programs. This frequent and extended watching of television is believed to have an impact on them, and influences their behavior, attitudes, and values. In the United States of America there is growing concern on the content that children view, as well as the extended hours that children spend in front of the television (Alexander, A). Thesis statement: Excessive viewing of television has negative effects on children. Background: Television has become a inseparable part of our daily lives, just as many other products of the advances in science and technology, like the telephone and the fridge. The television is an audio-visual media through which we seek our requirements of entertainment and information. The fact that it is an audio-visual medium provided it with significance in many ways for children. It is a suitable means for education children, besides providi ng them with entertainment (The Good Things About Television). However, this attraction that children have for the television could lead to them to spending too much of their leisure time viewing television. Children in the United States of America spend a surprisingly large amount of time watching television. Analysis of national data indicates that the television viewing time in children below the age of six years, on an average is over an hour every day, and in adolescents the average television viewing time is as high as three and a half hours a day. There is cross-sectional evidence that excessive of television viewing has a negative effect on the viewer, irrespective of the age and ethnicity. Undesired behavior and unhealthy conditions result from excessive viewing of television. This has resulted in the American Academy of Pediatrics recommending that children below the age of two should not be allowed to view television, and the viewing time of children above that age shou ld be restricted to less than two hour every day (Christakis, A.D. , Zimmerman, J.F. , 2006). Benefits of Viewing Television: The development of satellite television with digital input has enhanced both the reach of television, as well as the quantity and quality of content of television programs that are viewed by children. This has enhanced the attraction that children have had for the television. It thus is a media that can be used to provide benefits for children and the benefits, and watching wholesome television can enhance the quality of life of children. Television provides the means of sharing experiences with children. It has the ability of creating absorbing details of way of lives in nearby and distant lands, making it a more real experience of the cultures of these lands. The television assists children in sharing these cultural experiences with other children. The time spent on watching television by a family together is time and experience shared together. It is qu ite often seen that the greatest period of time families spend together is during viewing of television. Sharing of time and emotions during a baseball game between father and children, or mother and children watching a hilarious movie are a theme that recurs in most families.

Summer Research Report - 804 Words

The first weeks of the summer fellowship in the VDS stream was a bit hectic. They consisted of learning protocols and techniques. Three plates of PNiC-BSa4 colonies were grown by my partner and me that week. These were later used by the majority of lab students who had reached the cloning stage. My first PCR with plasmid pgbr22 failed, but the second was successful. PCR with pmCherry had to be completed 3 times to get a successful result and PNIC-BSa4 PCR had to be completed twice to get a successful result. The three practice PCRs were completed the 5th week of lab. Protein expression using PfDXR was started in week 3 and the sample of protein was purified the following week. I received my target protein Rickettsia prowazskii FabG†¦show more content†¦The PCR2 sample from the previous week was purified through PCR clean up and nano-dropped. The concentration was 68ng/ul. The concentration of this sample was low (lt;100ng/ul) because I had skipped the first step in the cle anup process that prepares the column filter for maximum DNA binding. PCR2 and PCR clean up were completed again and the concentration of the sample was averaged to be 147.9ng/ul. Since the concentrations of the samples were adequate, I moved onto PNiC-BSa4 cloning and prepared a sample to be DNA sequenced. RE digest was completed on two PNIcBSa4 prep samples, with the gel indicating that both samples were successfully cut and nano-drop results indicating high purity levels with low concentrations (~32ng/uL). Results from sequencing were nucleotide blasted and confirmed to be PNiCBSa4. I talked to a mentor about my samples and was told that I probably needed a higher concentration ≠¥100ng/uL, for cloning to be successful. In order to increase the concentration 4 samples of 50uL each were cut and PCR clean up into one sample that had a concentration of 123.5ng/ul. The cloning protocol was completed that week and when the plated were checked, no colonies were present on either of the two plates. My first attempt at cloning failed. The process was completed again, and the sample concentration was averaged to be 112.1ng/ul. The second time, only oneShow MoreRelatedThe Year Round Schooling System Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesstems from the original agrarian calendar as students were often called to tend to crops in the summer. This was thoughtfully and effectively designed for the time period it was created in; however, schools, research, and society have dramatically changed since then. The agrarian calendar no longer makes sense, as we consider overcrowding in schools and the significant research regarding the â€Å"summer brain drain.† There are several models of year-round schooling that would better serve all stakeholdersRead MoreLarry Bird1512 Words   |  7 Pageswill be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. 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This report is provided to the chief executive in order to suggest few solutions to critical issues including high electricity bills, large consumption of water in the production process; and advantages and disadvantages for each solution. 2.2 Methodology The methods used In this report was form finding informations by researching books andRead MoreCase Study : The Summer Student Program1017 Words   |  5 Pages What’s SSP All About? The Summer Student Program is designed for students who want to immerse themselves in genetics and genomics research. It emphasizes laboratory discovery, communication of knowledge, and professional growth. Students participate in an ongoing research program with the support of an experienced scientific mentor. They develop an independent project, implement their plan, analyze the data, and report the results. 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At aged four, this potential year significantly compromises a fraction of the children’s lives and therefore means summer born children may be behind in terms of development hindering their academic ability in comparison to their older counterparts. Whilst there is ongoing research into the topic, presently there are many conflicting views on whether delaying summer born children’s entrance

Health Promotion - 1089 Words

Running Head: Health Promotion Health Promotion October 14, 2011 Health promotion, as defined by Edelman and Mandle, is â€Å"the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health†. It is a multifaceted approach to encouraging a lifestyle change among individuals as well as the community. An important aspect of health promotion is health education. One of the main responsibilities of a nurse is to provide health teaching and health promotion, including education about healthy lifestyle choices and preventative self-care (Edelman amp; Mandel, 2010). Health promotion may be preformed by clinicians, health care workers, and teachers, as well as non-professionals.†¦show more content†¦Rehabilitation after a stroke is an example of tertiary prevention, as is providing care for one with osteoporosis (Edelman amp; Mandel, 2010). Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that often results in pain and forcing one to withdraw from day to day activities. The nurse in this case would be responsible for attempting to assist the patient to manage the pain, assessment of nutritional status, referral to dietician if needed, referral to a therapy program, and the development of an at-home exercise program. The patient’s safety at home would be a concern, so the nurse could encourage and assist the patient to set up the emergency necklace devices. The goal is for the patient to reach a functional level so they can live and work in society (Munch amp; Shapiro, 2006). The responsibility in tertiary prevention is shared between the patient and the medical team (Jonas, 2009). Much of the nurse’s role in health promotion involves teaching. Traditionally, health care has been hospital-based, but is moving to more community-based care. As the nurse practices in these settings, she will be able to use her k nowledge base to encourage positive change in behavior through health promotion and disease prevention. 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An electronic database searched was completed. Three articles were chosen to summarize and discuss each of the above models. Social Cognitive Theory The article by Son et al. (2011) studies the effect of social cognitive factors among middle-aged and older adults’ leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) participation. The socialRead MoreTheories of Health Promotion2264 Words   |  10 Pagesof Health Promotion The following essay is a comparative analysis of two theories of health promotion, one which is a theory of and the other a theory for health promotion. Beattie’s model will be used as theory of and transtheoritical stages of change model as a theory for health promotion. An example from area of work practice will be used to demonstrate the differing aspects emphasised by each Theory. Furthermore the essay will seek to suggest an explanation of current health promotion. ThisRead MoreHealth Promotion3162 Words   |  13 Pageswill demonstrate knowledge of health promotion and its link in addressing health needs. The role of the nurse in delivering health promotion at primary, secondary and tertiary levels will be discussed and how national policy influences that delivery on the chosen topic of smoking. Barriers to health promotion will also be discussed and how these barriers could be overcome. To define health promotion, health should first be defined. There are many definitions of health, one of which is the WesternRead MoreHealth Promotion1025 Words   |  5 PagesLevels of Health Promotion Health promotion is essential in keeping society and individuals healthy. Health promotion empowers communities and individuals for healthy living through education. The primary goal of health promotion is prevention. Nurses are key in health promotion and will be seen in diverse settings as health promotion evolves the nursing profession. 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It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, which The American Journal of Health Promotion defines as beingRead MoreHealth Promotion975 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Promotion Health promotion is defined as the provision of information and/or education to individuals, families and communities that encourage family unity, community commitment, and traditional spiritually that makes positive contributions to their health status (Definition of wellness.Com). It is our job as providers to promote health by any means necessary to improve community wellness. The purpose of health promotion in nursing practice is to deliver health information to individuals

The Effects Of Training On Brain Training Essay - 1478 Words

In recent years brain training games have become a topic of interest among both researchers and common people alike. Researchers are interested in the healing properties of brain training while normal people are looking to brain training as a way to improve their performance and get a leg up on the competition in school, work, and life. Up until recently, it was believed that the brain was unchangeable in terms of memory capacity. Researchers were well aware of the fact that the brain can change and form new connections when brain damage occurs. However, the idea that humans can train their brains to be more efficient and stronger seemed like a far-fetched cry from reality up until the late 1990’s (Weicker, Villringer Thà ¶ne-Otto, 2016). As time went on and more research was conducted in the field of brain training, it became clear that brain training is not an exact science but, it does have real cognitive benefits. One of the largest arguments against brain training is that the benefits of training are not applied to real life. Essentially, opponents to brain training are arguing that brain training is like teaching to the test. Participants do well on the â€Å"exams† because that was what they were trained for. Conversely, once participants are sent out into the real world, they are unable to apply what they learned to tasks that differ from those on the test. While intimal brain training studies failed to demonstrate real world application, more recent studies have provenShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Video Training On Brain Training Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent years, brain training games have become a topic of interest among both researchers and common people alike. Researchers are interested in the healing properties of brain training while normal people are looking towards brain training as a way to improve their performance and get a leg up on the competition in school, work, and life. Up until recently, it was believed that the brain was unchangeable in terms of memory capacity. Researchers were well aware of the fact that the brain is capableRead MoreBrain Training And Its Effects On The Elderly s Memory And Functioning1926 Words   |  8 Pages Brain-Training and its Effects on the Elderly’s Memory and Functioning Memory is how we as human’s store past events in our minds to retrieve them at a later time. Our ability to remember and retrieve these past memories can be likened to how a computer functions, such as in the information processing approach. This approach gives emphasis to the basic practice of remembering, and the steps involved in our mental functionality (Sigelman Rider, 2014). As humans, our memory and ability to recallRead MoreAging Is Often Associated With Gradual Cognitive Decline1289 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual’s quality of life. In Australia, 110, 000 people identified as suffering from dementia (ABS, 2012). A relatively new intervention that aims to combat this cognitive decline, involves the use of computerised brain training programs. Many studies have shown that cognitive training can improve cognitive function in older adults (Peretz, et al., 2011, p. 91). Having said that, there here have been mixed results regarding the effectiveness of improving overall cognitive function using computerisedRead MoreTraining Programs Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesWith the advance of the internet, many brain training programs have emerged online, designing to use game and software to exercise its users’ brain. They often claim or imply that these kinds of exercises may improve human’s intelligence and generate benefits on many aspects of life. For example, Lumosity, supposedly having 70 million members, is a brain training program claiming to improve cognitive abilities such as memory and speech processing. However, in 2016, US Federal Trade Commission hadRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Cognitive Training Programs Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pages The Effectiveness of Cognitive Training Programs Ane Balkchyan Psychology 001H (#74399) Bakhtawar Bhadha 07 December 2016 As a whole, brain-training programs are commonly used in an attempt to improve cognitive skill. Often times, they are used to help alleviate the hardships of individuals who have suffered from traumatic brain injuries, also known as TBIs. On the other hand, the application brain-training programs are circled by a wide array of debates pertaining to whetherRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On Brain Plasticity And Learning1712 Words   |  7 Pages Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Plasticity and Learning Noam Katz California State University, Long Beach â€Æ' Abstract Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learningRead MoreThe Importance Of Online Cognitive Training Programs1422 Words   |  6 Pagesothers to survive. With a rapidly growing older population worried about memory loss, online cognitive training programs have recently exploded across the internet. NeuroNation, Luminosity, My Brain Training and many other sites promise to boost memory, attention, and other cognitive skills that could be lost to the aging process. While research has shown that engaging in such tasks does help the brain, it is still questioned how helpful these programs truly are. In the hopes of gaining more insightRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Exercise On Brain Health15 72 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Mental Exercise and Physical Exercise on Brain Health Physical exercise does not only promote physical appearance and the body’s health, it also promotes brain health. The brain is a dynamic organ that replaces and repairs neurons throughout life. When people engage in exercise, rarely do they think about the potential affects it has on their brain. People that work out utilize various amounts of motor skills that have been acquired gradually through practice. Those utilized motorRead MoreMusic And Spatial Task Performance1604 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming a child prodigy, but it has been years since â€Å"the Mozart effect† was presented to the public. It was 1993 when Frances H. Rauscher first considered the effects of musical exposure. The same year he published an article in Nature entitled â€Å"Music and spatial task performance† in which he reported that only ten minutes of listening to a Mozart sonata produced short-term increases in spatial reasoning skills, thus termed â€Å"the Mozart effect† (Mor eno 2). But Rauscher was only the first and the findingsRead MoreThe Physical Effects of Music Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesmusic can improve brain efficiency and health; therefore, children should be exposed to music at a young age. During an experiment, subjects were exposed to classical music and silence. Afterwards, subjects took a spatial IQ test. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, which measure brain wave activity, were made prior to and after the test. The results showed that the group which listened to Mozart had a major increase in brain activity (Lerch 5). Children who have had music training are shown to

Management An Environmental Analysis on the Company NTUC

Question: Case Study on PESTEL Analysis of NTUC FairPrice Co-operative? Answer: 1. Introduction Successful businesses owe their superior performance to their ability to control certain aspects of their internal environment factors. But apart from a companys internal resources, there are certain macro-economic factors governing the external environment of the company that have profound impact on the companys performance. The purpose of this report is to perform an environmental analysis on the company NTUC FairPrice Co-operative, the largest supermarket chain in Singapore. Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers. 2. Company Background To be Singapores leading world-class retailer with a heart This is the vision of FairPrice. The NTUC FairPrice Co-Operative is a co-operative of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). The firm founded in 1973, has the most market share and has a strong presence across various grocery channels; FairPrice and FairPrice finest for supermarkets, FairPrice Xtra for hypermarkets and FairPrice Xpress and Cheers for convenient stores. The USP of the store is the offer of a fair price for all its products, the primary targets being the low and middle income consumers. As of now the company has around 270 outlets country wide of which Cheers has 123 outlets and FairPrice Xpress has 24 outlets and annual sales of around 2000 million U.S. Dollars. They deal with a wider range of products including bakery, alcoholic beverages, dairy, snacks, drinks, sea foods, deli, frozen foods, pharmacy, meat and poultry, general merchandise, grocery and so on. The company also has internet retailing facility for the convenience of their consumers. 3. Country Background Singapore was founded in 1819 as a British trading colony. In 1965 the country became independent after separating from the two years association with the Malaysian Federation. Singapore then went on to become one of the worlds leading countries with strong international ties and trades and per capita GDP on par with the western countries. Singapores economy is the second freest in the world according to the 2014 economy index. Minimum tolerance for corruption, strong judicial laws, and competitive financial sectors has ensured continual economic growth and development in the country. Singapores food and retail industry is a significant component of the countrys growing economy. The country has several locally established industries while playing host to a number of international enterprises as well. The world-class infrastructure, strong governance, high quality standards, location, ease of business and skilled work force are all factors that could Singapore the next food hub of the world. 4. External Environment Analysis on the company In the proper functioning of a company, and in situations like new product launch ideas and new ventures, apart from analysing the internal factors or the micro-economic factors such as resources, finance, and human capital, leadership, culture inside a company and the structure of a company, a company is required to analyse the macro-economic factors that will influence their strategic planning. The PESTEL analysis is the most common tool employed for assessing these factors (Yksel, 2012). Through PESTEL analysis, this report attempts to identify the NTUC FairPrices business environment and help them in adapting to the actualities of their business environment. The advantage of this analysis is that it helps minimize the threats and maximize profit. The six categorized factors according to PESTEL analysis are are described below. The first letter of each word is combined to form the word PESTEL. PESTEL Analysis 4.1 Political Factors Political factors concerns with the degree of government interference in a countrys economy. These specifically include tax policy, tariffs, trade restrictions, labour law, and political stability (virblis Zinkevi ite, 2008). Singapore is a country world renowned for its high-quality governance holding one of Asias most efficient governments. The political conditions in the country are favourable to NTUC FairPrice and in planning a new venture, the political risk on investments is very low. 4.2 Economic Factors Economic factors include economic growth of the country the business is based in, inflation rates, interest and exchange rates and have major impact in the operation of any business. Interest rates impact a firms capital cost and directly impacts the growth and expansion of the company. And exchange rates affect the export and import of a company. It is one of worlds leading economies and has a GDP per capita of around 45,000 USD (approximate value) and GNI per capita of around 40,000 USD (approx.). Thus, an average citizen in Singapore has higher average income and standard of living when compared to the rest of the world. Singapore is a highly trade dependent economy. The country imports ninety percent of its food. And it was one of the economies in Asia to have strongest recovery from the global economic crisis of 2008 but it is not the case for rest of Asia and other countries the country deals with. This has an impact on the economy growth of the country, with the export rate coming down. The labour market in Singapore rose to a new high in the recent years owing to its strong recovery from the crisis, with an unemployment rate of only two percent throughout 2014. Singapore is the seventh most motivated labour force in the world and has the fifth most skilled work force in Asia (Pagell Krause, 2004). 4.3 Social Factors Social factors affecting the external environment of a company are population growth, age distribution, career and income distribution, health and cultural aspects. Singapore is a country with a population of only about 5.47 million (as of June 2014). One of the growing concerns about the country is its declining population growth since the birth rate has declined drastically over the last decade. But these schemes still havent helped in increasing the population of the country. The literacy rate in Singapore is very high around 92.5% which indicates that most Singapore residents have higher or secondary education. Singapore is the worlds largest social media market according to a recent market survey. With the advent of technology, evolution of smart phones and availability of twenty four hour internet services social media market is used by people for a variety of purposes. This opens an opportunity for business to create brand awareness and market their products via the social media for better reach to the people. Several companies in Singapore have taken to social media marketing through Facebook and Twitter. With regard to NTUC FairPrice, the social factors can have both positive and slightly negative impact. Also the shift towards healthier lifestyle may influence people to avoid frozen foods, and other unhealthy products. But overall the companys prospects arent too affected by the social factors. 4.4 Technological Factors The technological factors include aspects such as automation, research and development, and rate of technological advancement of a country. The government of Singapore has invested heavily on the RD activities in the country and there are lot of highly trained scientific personnel operating in the country (Koberg, Detienne Heppard, 2003). The nations iN2015 plan was devised by the government to help the country realise the potential of information and communication technology. 4.5 Environmental Factors Environmental factors include climatic changes, weather, natural disasters and epidemics. The countrys local climate has an influence on the type of food people prefer. In case of natural disasters, in the country or in any of the countries the company has trade relations, will affect the export and import. For example after the earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, the export of sea food and other produces from the country had stopped until the nation recovered from the damage. This may cause people to stay clear of Japanese food fearing risk to health affecting the Japanese food market (Yuksel and Dagdeviran, 2007). Similarly with the outbreak of a particular disease caused by food products, people tend to fear and stay away from those products. For example, during the bird flu outbreak, the chicken consumption in the world was affected since people steered away from buying chicken. The Government of Singapore has strict rules for their local poultry producers and the importers of poultry. All food products are tested for their high quality and only then sold in the supermarkets since meat, poultry, sea food etc. are all vulnerable food prone to diseases. NTUC FairPrices reputation as one of the retail chains with the highest quality may be beneficial to them at these times because consumers would then look for safe choices. NTUC FairPrices highly reputed pharmacy services also remain unaffected by these factors. 4.6 Legal Factors Legal factors include law and order in the country. The taxes in a country, the consumer law, discrimination law, labour law and other laws in a country affect how a company operates. Singapore is a country with one of the lowest tax rates in Asia. Singapore is a part of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), a ten country association. Also, Singapore has been named as the best country to do business in by the World Bank. The easy process of setting up and closing a business, paying of taxes, investors security are the factors that led to the name. 5. Porters five forces Another tool used to analyse the macro-economic factors is the Porters five forces tool which identifies Supplier power, Potential entrants, Industry rivalry, Buyer power and threat of substitutes as the five forces affecting the environment of a business. It provides the company with a view on where the power is in the location the company is planning to move to and also the business potentials. This analysis gives a clear view on how a company can exploit its strengths and improve on weakness to experience continual growth (Daft, Sormunen Parks, 1988). 5.1 Competitor Analysis (Industry rivalry) As far as NTUC FairPrice is concerned, the main competitors include Sheng Shiong Supermarket which also targets low income consumers (their trade mostly done with China) and Dairy Farm International which caters to middle and upper income consumers. Both these companies trail behind NTUC FairPrice in market share. But in order to stay ahead of competition at all times, NTUC Fairprice must constantly improvise on their services and introduce new services. 5.2 Buyer Power Options for purchasing food are galore in Singapore. As previously mentioned, Singapore is country that imports ninety percent of its food requirements. Therefore the country has numerous supermarkets and convenience stores all over the country. NTUC needs to be careful about this in planning new ventures. 5.3 Supplier Power Considering the numerous number of suppliers ready to supply items in Singapore, the power of suppliers is significantly lower. And NTUC FairPrice is not dependent on a single supplier for their business. For any business it is necessary that the firm maintain good relationship with the suppliers but if necessary it is possible for NTUC to acquire products of equal quality from other suppliers. 5.4 Potential Entrants Since Singapore is an easy country to start business in new companies come up every day. The highly pro-business environment makes potential entry of new businesses a valuable threat. But according to reports, the availability of high quality sales and marketing people is lower in the food and retail industry. And since the quality of products expected in this industry is very high, established businesses such as NTUC FairPrice hold a fair amount of competitive advantage over potential entrants. 5.5 Threat of substitutes Threat of substitutes is quite high in this industry as far as Singapore is concerned. Several stores in Singapore offer the same products offered in NTUC FairPrice. Competitors like Cold Storage, Dairy farm international are valuable substitutes. In order to keep ahead of these threats NTUS FairPrice must offer unique products with lesser substitutes to maintain the customer base. Table 1: PESTEL Analysis of NTUC FairPrice Political Singapore is ranked as one of the least corrupt nations in Asia and is a world-leader in making consistent political policies and renowned for political stability. Therefore, the political risks on investments are very low for NTUC FairPrices existing as well as new outlets. Economical Singapore is one of those leading economies in the world with stability and growth. The unemployment rate is very low in the country and the average income higher than most countries. In addition high exchange rates all work in favour of NTUC FairPrices business ventures. Social The declining population growth in Singapore puts pressure on the labour market. But the literacy rates are high in the country and with their flexible immigration policy Singapore has the highest number of foreign workers working in their country. This could affect NTUC significantly. Technological The government of Singapore has invested heavily on the RD activities in the country and there are lot of highly trained scientific personnel operating in the country (Koberg, Detienne Heppard, 2003). Highly developed technological society in Singapore makes marketing possibilities easy for NTUC FairPrice in their business growth. Environmental Environmental factors are out of human beings control. The occurrence of a natural calamity in Singapore or elsewhere in the world, outbreak of an epidemic concerning meat, poultry and fishes which are vulnerable can affect NTUCs food industry since Singapore imports around ninety percent of its food. The environmental factors have an huge impact on their business. Legal Singapore is a country with one of the lowest tax rates in Asia. Also Singapores free trade agreement with countries all over the world has led to decrease in investment barriers. Singapore has been named as the best country to do business in by the World Bank. Therefore, the legal factors are also in favour of NTUCs business ventures. Strategic Recommendations Singapore has a mature food and retail industry and NTUS FairPrice must be vigilant when it comes to competition. In order to keep up with their success they need to constantly supply products that are highly on demand and also come up with unique and creative ideas to keep ahead of the competition. It is recommended that NTUC FairPrice keep in mind the health of their consumers and continuously provide with products of high nutritious value and also recommendations on everyday diets that is beneficial. Creating a Page in Facebook, twitter will help increase brand awareness. It is also recommended that the company improvise on their online buying facility and make buying simpler. One way to attract online customers is the fast delivery of fresh food. In rapidly growing online shopping age which saves time of working people this will prove to be very beneficial for NTUC FairPrice. In planning new ventures, NTUC FairPrice can choose locations that are central to a large population. New outlets in shopping malls provides with new customer base. It is also important to ensure that the employees are well trained, have knowledge about the products that are being sold and are customer friendly. Applying these recommendations can help strengthen NTUC FairPrices business prospects. Conclusion Qualitative analysis conducted in analysing macro environmental factors shows that political, technological, legal and economic factors have the most favourable influence on the performance of NTUC FairPrice. And, the least favourable of factors being environmental factors. The companies that continually scan their business environment for strategic uncertainty by frequently conducting these analyses tend to be high-performing companies when compared to their counterparts (Mason, 2007). References 1. Koberg, C., Detienne, D., Heppard, K. (2003). An empirical test of environmental, organizational, and process factors affecting incremental and radical innovation. The Journal Of High Technology Management Research, 14(1), 21-45. doi:10.1016/s1047-8310(03)00003-82. Daft, R., Sormunen, J., Parks, D. (1988). Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics and company performance: An empirical study. Strat. Mgmt. J., 9(2), 123-139. doi:10.1002/smj.42500902043. Mason, R. (2007). The external environment's effect on management and strategy. Management Decision, 45(1), 10-28. doi:10.1108/00251740710718935 4. Pagell, M., Krause, D. (2004). Re-exploring the relationship between flexibility and the external environment. Journal of Operations Management, 21(6), 629-649. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2003.11.002 5. Yksel, ., Dadeviren, M. (2010). Using the fuzzy analytic network process (ANP) for Balanced Scorecard (BSC): A case study for a manufacturing firm. Expert Systems with Applications, 37, 1270-1278. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.06.002 6. ksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n24p52 7. Cheng, E. W. L., Li, H. (2007). Application of ANP in process models: An example of strategic partnering. Building and Environment, 42, 278-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.031 8. virblis, A., Zinkevi ite, V. (2008). The integrated evaluation of the macro environment of companies providing transport services. Transport, 23(3), 266-272. doi:10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.266-272 9. Yksel, ., Dadeviren, M. (2007). Using the analytic network process (ANP) in a SWOT analysis A case study for a textile firm. Information Sciences, 177, 3364-3382. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2007.01.001 10. Shilei, L., Yong, W. (2009). Target-oriented obstacle analysis by PESTEL modeling of energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in Chinas northern heating region. Energy Policy, 37, 2098-2101. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.039

Export of Marine Products from India Essay Example

Export of Marine Products from India Essay India’s marine product exports have for the first time crossed $2 billion, according to official figures for financial year 2009-10 released. Recession in the international market has not impacted the export of marine products from the country, the Marine Products Exports Development Authority said. In terms of volumes too, 2009-10 was exceptional, it added. Exports aggregated 663,603 tonnes valued at Rs. 9,921. 46 crore. In terms of US dollars, it was $2,105. 60 million. Compared to the previous year, there was 10. 8 percent growth in volume, 15. 26 percent in rupee earning and 10. 32 percent growth in US dollar earnings. Frozen shrimp continued to be the major export item accounting for 41. 74 percent of the total dollar earnings. Fish, the principal export item in terms of volume and the second largest in value terms, accounted for 38. 37 percent in quantity and 20. 09 percent in dollar earnings. Export of live lobster, live crab and Baigai (little water snail) showed an in crease in exports. However, the export of ornamental fish showed a declining trend, mainly because of a ban on export of Denisonii by the Kerala government. The European Union remained the largest market with a share of 30. 07 percent in dollar realization, followed by China with a share of 17. 73 percent and Japan 12. 96 p The fishery production is around 125 million tons. China, Japan, India, U. S. A. , Russian federation, Indonesia and Chile are the major fish producing countries. Out of this India holds a third position in the world production. Currently, Indias total annual fish production is 5. 65 million tons (Inland-2. 8 million tons and Marine-2. 83 million tons). But India has an estimated potential of about 8. 4 million tons (Inland 4. 50 and marine3. 0 million tons). This vast untapped potential can be utilized successfully to uplift Indias fish trade in the international market and secure a position for India fish in the world. EXPORT OF MARINE PRODUCTS FROM INDIA 2009-10 Export trend Since the fall in the export earnings during 2003-04, the dollar earnings have increased steadily till 2009-10 EXPORT TREND OF MARINE PRODUCTS Q: Quantity in MT, V: Value Rs. Crore, $: US Dollar in Million    Year |    | Export | Variation |   Ã‚   (%) | U. V. | 2002-03 | Q | 467297 | +42827 | +10. 09 |   | | V | 6881. 31 | +924. 26 | +15. 52 | 147. 26 | | $ | 1424. 90 | +171. 5 | +13. 69 | 3. 05 | 2003-04 | Q | 412017 | -55280 | -11. 83 | | | V | 6091. 95 | -789. 36 | -11. 47 | 147. 86 | | $ | 1330. 76 | -94. 14 | -6. 61 | 3. 23 | 2004-05 | Q | 461329 | 49312 | 11. 97 | | | V | 6646. 69 | 554. 74 | 9. 11 | 144. 08 | | $ | 1478. 48 | 147. 71 | 11. 10 | 3. 20 | 2005-06 | Q | 512164 | 50835 | 11. 02 | | | V | 7245. 30 | 598. 61 | 9. 05 | 141. 46 | | $ | 1644. 21 | 165. 74 | 11. 21 | 3. 21 | 2006-07| Q | 612641| 100478| 19. 62|   | | V | 8363. 53| 1118. 23| 15. 43| 136. 52| | $ | 1852. 93| 208. 72| 12. 69| 3. 02| 2007-08| Q | 541701| -70941| -11. 58|   | | V | 7620. 92| -742. 61| -8. 88| 140. 8| | $ | 1899. 09| 46. 16| 2. 49| 3. 51| 2008-09| Q | 602835| 61135| 11. 29|   | | V | 8607. 94| 987. 02| 12. 95| 142. 7 9| | $ | 1908. 63| 9. 53| 0. 50| 3. 17| 2009-10| Q | 678436| 75601| 12. 54|   | | V | 10048. 53| 1440. 59| 16. 74| 148. 11| | $ | 2132. 84| 224. 21| 11. 75| 3. 14| During 2009-10 for the first time in the history of Marine product exports, the export earnings have crossed 2 billion US dollars and Rs. 10,000 crore mark. Export has crossed all previous records in quantity , rupee value and US $ terms. Exports aggregated to 678436 tonnes valued at Rs. 10048. 53 crore and US Dollar 2132. 84 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Export of Marine Products from India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Export of Marine Products from India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Export of Marine Products from India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Compared to the previous year, this recorded. a growth of 12. 54% in quantity, 16. 74% in rupee earning and 11. 75% growth in US $ earnings. Major items of export Frozen shrimp continued to be the major export item accounting for 41. 40% of   the total US$   earnings. Shrimp exports during the period increased by 3. 58%, 10. 65% and 5. 21% in quantity, rupee value and US $ value respectively. There is a slight increase in unit value realization of 1. 57%. Fish, the principal export item in quantity   terms and the second largest export item in value terms, accounted for a share of about 38. 47% in quantity and 20. 1% in US $ earnings. There is an increase of value realization of Ribbon fish inspite of the short fall in quantity by 12. 45%. There was also good landing of Leather Jacket. Frozen mackerel, Anchovy, Kati fish etc. also showed a positive growth where as Tuna export has considerably decreased, Fr. Cuttlefish recorded a growth of 25. 13%, 21. 39% and 16. 30% in quantit y, rupee value and dollar terms respectively. However, there is a decline in the unit value realization (7. 06%). Items like dried items, live items and chilled items also showed a substantial growth compared to previous year. Export of Fr. Squid showed an increase in quantity but there is a fall ;in rupee amp; US dollar realization. Unit value realization also declined by 13. 95%. Export of Live Lobster, Live crab and Baigai showed an increase in exports where as the export of Ornamental fish showed a decline in US $ terms. FO A Delicious Variety of Freshwater Fishes Two very important facets of the Indian economy is fishery and aquaculture. Out of this, Andhra Pradesh accounts for about 25-30% of Indias total seafood exports. India is a land of exotic fishes. A huge variety of India fish are available in the coastal waters of India, harvested by local fishermen. These fish can be put under the heading of India fish. There is a great demand for India fish in the world market. An exotic variety of India fish are exported to countries all over the world. India fish is very delectable and greatly in demand in the western countries. Indian cooking is more inclined towards spicy food and the west is showing a definite but gradual inclination towards this kind of food. The Western world has now acquired a taste for spicy food, as compared to the bland food which was their normal intake before. In order to make eating a rich experience, the demand for Indian fish is now on the rise. Indian fishes can be flavoured and cooked in very many ways. The use of special Indian spices and herbs make them even tastier. Fish from India now definitely forms a part of their lunches and dinners. A lot of restaurants in the West now cater to variety of imported India fish which are imported from India. Siam Canadian exports an immense variety of high quality fishes from India and keeps up a steady supply of these fishes to the world market. The various types of fishes are: Tilapia, which is imported Whole Round, Whole Gutted, or even fillets. Hilsa, one of the tastiest of Indian fishes sold Whole Round. Another variety of white fish is Rohu, which is sold as Whole Gutted or Steaks Block Frozen. Mrigal is sold Whole Gutted. Ayer, another flaky white fish is sold Whole Gutted or Steaks Block Frozen. Boal is sold Whole Gutted, Catla as Whole Gutted or Block Frozen Steaks. Another very delicious variety of fish is Chital, which is sold Whole Gutted. Some other varieties of India fish which we sell are Reef Cod, Spanish, Mackerel, Indian Mackerel, Pomfret, Ribbon fish, Black Sea Bream and Sardines. Siam Canadian works with local factory in India Vishakapatnam, although it is a Thailand based company. These locally interlinked offices provide the expertise and knowledge of the local people. Fishes which fall under the category of India fish is harvested mainly in the coastal waters of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Soon after this, it is taken to the local Siam Canadian factory, where a very dedicated team checks the fish meat for quality. Only the top quality fishes are taken. It is then checked for germs for germs or micro bacterial organisms. Following this, the fish is frozen and packed into clean containers and shipped. At Siam Canadian, we also provide India fish at very competitive prices. We cater to all your needs in the best possible manner. If you come to us, you will have no cause for complaint. Our procurement team procures India fish in bulk. Hence we can provide you with any amount that you need. Since 1987, we have been steadily growing and have now acquired a definite footing as a market leader. Our motto is to give maximum benefit to our customers. MAJOR ITEMWISE EXPORTS| Q: Quantity in Tons, | V: Value in Rs. Crores,| $: USD Million| ITEM| Share %|   | 2009-10| 2008-09| Variation| (%)| FROZEN SHRIMP| 19. 24| Q:| 130553| 126039| 4513. 66| 3. 58|   | 41. 62| V:| 4182. 35| 3779. 0| 402. 56| 10. 65| | 41. 40| $:| 883. 03| 839. 28| 43. 75| 5. 21| | UV$:|   | 6. 76| 6. 66| 0. 10| 1. 57| FROZEN FISH| 38. 47| Q:| 260979| 238544| 22435. 60| 9. 41|   | 20. 23| V:| 2032. 33| 1722. 34| 309. 99| 18. 00| | 20. 21| $:| 430. 94| 375. 24| 55. 70| 14. 84| | UV$:|   | 1. 65| 1. 57| 0. 08| 4. 97| FR CUTTLE FISH| 9. 36| Q:| 53504| 50750| 12754. 88| 25. 13|   | 9. 19 | V:| 923. 83| 761. 05| 162. 78| 21. 39| | 9. 18| $:| 195. 69| 168. 27| 27. 42| 16. 30| | UV$:|   | 3. 08| 3. 32| -0. 23| -7. 06| FR SQUID| 9. 06| Q:| 61445| 57125| 4319. 15| 7. 56| | 6. 20| V:| 622. 63| 632. 35| -9. 71| -1. 54| | 6. 0| $:| 132. 24| 142. 87| -10. 63| -7. 44| | UV$:|   | 2. 15| 2. 50| -0. 35| -13. 95| DRIED ITEM| 6. 94| Q:| 47053| 31688| 15364. 71| 48. 49|   | 9. 76| V:| 981. 11| 420. 75| 560. 36| 133. 18| | 9. 79| $:| 208. 72| 92. 51| 116. 20| 125. 61| | UV$:|   | 4. 44| 2. 92| 1. 52| 51. 94| LIVE ITEMS| 0. 81| Q:| 5492| 3434| 2058. 27| 59. 93| | 1. 39| V:| 139. 14| 99. 00| 40. 14| 40. 55| | 1. 38| $:| 29. 52| 21. 82| 7. 69| 35. 24| | UV$:|   | 5. 37| 6. 36| -0. 98| -15. 44| CHILLED ITEMS| 4. 25| Q:| 28817| 21453| 7363. 60| 34. 33|   | 2. 63| V:| 264. 49| 217. 34| 47. 15| 21. 69| | 2. 62| $:| 55. 87| 48. 39| 7. 48| 15. 6| | UV$:|   | 1. 94| 2. 26| -0. 32| -14. 04| OTHERS| 11. 88| Q:| 80592| 73801| 6790. 85| 9. 2| | 8. 98| V:| 902. 84| 975. 33| -72. 68| -7. 45| | 9. 23| $:| 196. 84| 220. 24| -23. 40| -10. 62| | UV$:|   | 2. 44| 2. 98| -0. 54| -18. 15| TOTAL| 100| Q:| 678436| 602835| 75600. 73| 12. 54| | 100| V:| 10048. 53| 8607. 94| 1440. 59| 16. 74| | 100| $:| 2132. 84| 1908. 63| 224. 21| 11. 75| | UV$:|   | 3. 14| 3. 17| -0. 02| -0. 71| Major export markets European Union (EU), continued to be   the largest market   with a   share of   29. 89% in US $   realization. China maintained the second place with a share of 17. 0%, followed by Japan 13. 06%, USA 10. 01%, South East Asia 14. 76%, Middle East 5. 49% and Other Countries 8. 99%. Exports to countries like Libya, Reunion islands, Australia, Puertorico,   Dominican Republic, Kenya, Tanzania, Ukraine, Brazil etc. registered a positive growth. MAJOR REGIONWISE EXPORTS| Q: Quantity in Tons,| V: Value in Rs. Crores,| $: USD million| Country| Share %|   | 2009-10| 2008-09| Variation| (%)| JAPAN| 9. 24| Q:| 62690| 57271| 5419| 9. 46| | 12. 83| V:| 1289. 58| 1234. 04 | 55. 56| 4. 50| | 13. 06| $:| 278. 58| 278. 62| -0. 05| -0. 02| USA| 4. 93| Q:| 33444| 36877| -3433| -9. 31| 10. 08| V:| 1012. 52| 1021. 55| -9. 03| -0. 88| | 10. 01| $:| 213. 52| 227. 29| -13. 76| -6. 06| EUROPEAN UNION| 24. 29| Q:| 164800| 155161| 9638| 6. 21|   | 29. 99| V:| 3013. 33| 2854. 07| 159. 27| 5. 58| | 29. 89| $:| 637. 40| 635. 34| 2. 06| 0. 32| CHINA| 21. 27| Q:| 144290| 147312| -3023| -2. 05| | 17. 82| V:| 1790. 89| 1296. 39| 494. 50| 38. 14| | 17. 80| $:| 379. 70| 281. 90| 97. 79| 34. 69| SOUTH EAST ASIA| 22. 01| Q:| 149353| 88953| 60400| 67. 90|   | 14. 72| V:| 1479. 55| 873. 09| 606. 46| 69. 46| | 14. 76| $:| 314. 85| 191. 08| 123. 77| 64. 78| MIDDLE EAST| 5. 15| Q:| 34907| 27177| 7730| 28. 4| | 5. 51| V:| 553. 55| 475. 72| 77. 83| 16. 36| | 5. 49| $:| 117. 05| 105. 20| 11. 85| 11. 26| OTHERS| 13. 11| Q:| 88953| 90083| -1130| -1. 25| | 9. 05| V:| 909. 11| 853. 11| 56. 00| 6. 56| | 8. 99| $:| 191. 77| 189. 22| 2. 55| 1. 35| Total| 100| Q:| 678436| 602835| 75601 | 12. 54| | 100| V:| 10048. 53| 8607. 94| 1440. 59| 16. 74| | 100| $:| 2132. 84| 1908. 63| 221. 21| 11. 75| Port wise exports. Exports were affected from 19 Sea/land/air ports. The major ports in the order of US $ earnings were Pipavav (16. 94%) Kochi (15. 61%), JNP (15. 54%). Chennai (13. 03%), Vizag (9. 34%), Calcutta (8. 2%), Tuticorin (6. 81%), Mumbai (4. 59%), Mangalore (. 4. 01%) etc. Ports like Pipavav, JNP, Chennai, Kolkatta, Mumbai, Mangalore, Goa, Ahemedabad, Trivandrum and Agarthala have shown an increase in the exports compared to the previous year while ports like Vizag, Tuticorin, Hill Land Customs, Karimganj etc showed a declining trend. Export from Kochi port showed an increase in quantity as well as in rupee realization where as there was a decline in US $ terms by 0. 69%. Export from Mundra port also showed an increase in terms of quantity and rupee value however there was a short fall in US $ realization. There was no export from ports like Kandla, NSICT and Port Blair. Details of port wise export are given in the table below. The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) Origin of MPEDA The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) was constituted in 1972 under the Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972 The role envisaged for the MPEDA under the statute is comprehensive covering fisheries of all kinds, increasing exports, specifying standards, processing, marketing, extension and training in various aspects of the industry. Structure, Activities amp; Network MPEDA functions under the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India and acts as a coordinating agency with different Central and State Government establishments engaged in fishery production and allied activities. Standing Committees of MPEDA * Executiv Committee * Technical Committee * Export Promotion Committee The plan schemes of the Authority are implemented under seven major heads: * Market Promotion * Capture Fisheris * Culture Fisheries * Processing infrastructure amp; value addition * Quality control * Research and development * Viability gap funding Work programme of MPEDA ) Registration of infrastructure facilities for seafood Export trade 2) Collection and dissemination of trade information 3) Projection of Indian marine products in overseas markets by participation in overseas fairs and organising international seafood fairs in India. 4) Implementation of development measures vital to the industry like distribution of insulated fish boxes, putting up fish landing platform s, improvement of peeling sheds, modernisation of industry such as upgrading of plate freezers, installation of IQF machinery, generator sets, ice making machineries, quality control laboratory etc. ) Promotion of   aquaculture for production of   shrimp and prawn for export. 6) Promotion of value added Seafoods. 7) Promotion of Tuna fishery. 8) Implementation of organic farming. 9) Conservation management. INDIAS SEAFOOD RESOURCE INDIAS SEAFOOD RESOURCEDI India’s seafood resources | India with a long coast line of 8129 Kms, two million sq. kms of Exclusive Economic Zone and 1. 2 million hectors of brackish water bodies, offers vast potential for development of fisheries. Against an estimated fishery potential of 3. 9 million tones from marine sector, only 2. million tones are tapped. Fishing efforts are largely confined to the inshore waters through artisanal, traditional, mechanised sectors. About 90% of the present production from the marine sector is from within a dep th range of up to 50 to 70 meters and remaining 10% from depths extending up to 200 meters. While 93% of the production is contributed by artisanal, mechanised and motorised sector, the remaining 7% is contributed by deep sea fishing fleets confining their operation mainly to the shrimp grounds in the upper East Coast. Built up Capacity of the Indian seafood Industry Name of the State| No. of Exporters| No. of Process Plants| Freezing Capacity (Ton. p/d)| No. of Cold Storages| Storage Capacity| No. of Fishing Vessels | Kerala| 287| 124| 1585. 77| 169| 23086. 50| 2963| Tamil Nadu| 286| 48| 524. 55| 67| 5900. 00| 1562| Karnataka| 43| 14| 186. 40| 26| 3540. 00| 3226| Andhra Pradesh| 95| 52| 779. 50| 53| 7200. 00| 717| Goa| 9| 7| 104. 00| 9| 1275. 00| 420| Gujarath| 64| 55| 2216. 03| 57| 22925. 00| 426| Orissa| 30| 21| 220. 00| 20| 2460. 00| 414| Maharastra| 268| 41| 1327. 11| 39| 19372. 0| 2932| West Bengal| 99| 37| 340. 00| 30| 3500. 00| 0| Delhi (UT)| 92| | 0. 00| 1| 15. 00| 0| OO I IAS S The marine products exports are benefited by Special Focus initiatives. SPECIAL FOCUS INITIATIVES Marine Sector * Imports for technological upgradation under EPCG in fisheries sector (except fishing trawlers, ships, boats and other similar items) exempted from maintaining average export obligation. * Duty free impo rt of specified specialized inputs / chemicals and flavouring oils is allowed to the extent of 1% of FOB value of preceding financial year’s export. To allow import of monofilament longline system for tuna fishing at a concessional rate of duty and Bait Fish for tuna fishing at Nil duty. * A self   removal procedure for clearance of seafood waste is applicable subject to prescribed wastage norms. * Marine products are considered for VKGUY scheme. http://www. siamcanadian. com/india-fish/potential. htm Credit facilities have helped the India Fish Industry immensely Credit has been provided for aquaculture mainly by banks and NABARD has also played a very vital role in the credit schemes of marine, inland and brackish water aquaculture. This credit facility is mainly used for processing, packaging, preservation, transportation and marketing of India fish, fish products, prawn culture etc. With this credit money new ponds can be developed, old ponds can be expanded, quality feed can be manufactured and many such other things. Manual and mechanized boats can be improved upon. Their capacity can be increased and additional gears, nets and other equipments may be added. The initial credit given by the banks for the India fish fishery industry was Rs 4480 million in 1998-99 and this increased to Rs 5980 million in 2001-2. NABARD refinance also went up from Rs 297 million in 1998-99 to Rs 347 million in 2002-3. Apart from giving a financial boost, the central and state governments have laid down certain guidelines and policies also. In order to provide education to the fisheries, the Indian Council Of Educational Research has set up a research institute. Financially vulnerable farmers have been given help especially for aquaculture of India fish.. Areas where aquaculture is possible is identified by the government and guidelines are given to the farmers. Certain regulatory measures are taken in order to prevent over harvesting of India fish.. They also try to protect the interests of small fish producers. A program has been initiated by FAO and NABARD to provide micro finance and women in the coastal areas to become financially independent. This can go a long way in the alleviation of poverty because it will also supplement the family income. The corporate sector has done its bit by introducing advanced technology for increased production of India fish, exports and prawn culture. They invest in high powered fishing vessels and put up freezing plants. This goes a long way in the total enhancement of the fishery division. The corporate sector has spent around Rs 600 million, especially for shrimp farming and its exports. All these avenues which provide financial, as well as technical help, go a long to remove fishermen from the poverty line, as well as give a big boost to the India fishing industry. Description-Financial aid and technical guidance provided by the financial and educational institutions for the aquaculture of India fish. Future Prospects for Marine Products Export Industry   Marine products have created a sensation in the world market because of their high health attributes. With the high unit value, seafood has been acclaimed as one of the fastest moving commodity in the world market. The world market for seafood has doubled within the last decade reaching US $49. 32 billion mark Indias share is 2. 4%, dependence on shrimp as a product and is changing due to the increased attention given on other fishery resource like squid, cuttlefish, fin fish, etc. and penetrating into markets of Western Europe and South East Asia.

Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace

Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace Background Information Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 when he was just 17 years old (Aaker, 1992). During its early days, the company was dealing with fledging company fish and the sale of charismas cards. The founder of the company conducted these small operations at his small farm in a remote village in Sweden. To maintain his customers and earn new ones, Ingvar ensured that he delivered the goods to the homes of his customers. This strategy was successful, and later on developed to be the tradition of IKEA (Bian and Moutinho, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the process of development, IKEA faced a lot of challenges. This included competition from rivals, sourcing for raw materials and manufacturing firms, entry into new markets and maintenance of high quality of its products and selling them at low prices. Through hard work, s trategic planning and determination, the company was able to overcome these difficulties and now it is one of the leading furniture selling companies in the world. At the present moment, the company is operational in over 35 different countries, has over 285 stores and a workforce of 127,800 individuals (Kotler, 1997). The vision of IKEA is to create a better everyday life for many people (McGinnis, 2008). To achieve this vision, the company has developed and applied a number of strategies, goals and objectives. Some of these have had short-term effects while others have had long-term effects. The firm has also a strong corporate structure that has enabled its operations to be smooth. This structure is divided into operations and franchising. Operations mainly deal with the running and management of the stores while franchising deals with marketing and expansion of the firm (Miner, 2007). To ensure that the operations of the company are effective and efficient, the company has maint ained a stable organization structure and culture. The managerial strategy of IKEA is formal, non-hierarchical, and based on a teamwork (Peter et al, 2009). This ensures that all the employees have a duty of care and respect for one another. As a result, employees at IKEA do not have titles or get special privileges. There is also effective communication among the employees. This ensures that the correct information is passed from one employee or department to another. As a result, the efficiency of operations within the organization is maintained (Gofman and Mets, 2010). IKEA also believes in recruiting young employees who are creative and innovative (Egan, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This not only reduces expenditure on salaries but also ensures that the company remains the best in terms of creativity and innovation (Jugger, 2009). The future goal of t he company is to expand its operations into many more countries. It is projected that IKEA will be opening 20-25 stores annually in the near future (Schein, 2005). This will guarantee the sustainability of the company in the long run. Human Resource Management Strategies The vision of IKEA has been to provide a better everyday life to many people. To achieve this goal, IKEA has come up with several strategies aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of its operations. Having an effective human resource has been one of the key goals of the organization. This is due to the fact that an effective human resource will ensure that the workforce of the organization is effective and performs its duties as per the expectation of the company. As a result therefore, the employees are able to meet the goals and objectives that have been set by the company hence they are able to satisfy the needs and desires of the consumers through their services. For the human resource of IKEA to ac hieve this, its goals and objectives have been designed in a way to be in line with the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Offering a strong leadership, embracing teamwork and building a strong organizational culture have been the main goals of the human resource management of IKEA (Nicolini, 2000). These form part of the main goals and objectives that the organization wants to achieve in order to realize its vision. Therefore, IKEA greatly depends on its human resource department to achieve its short-term and long-term goals and objectives (Stone, 2008). Human Resource Objectives and their effectiveness The first objective of the human resource management of IKEA is to develop a strong organizational culture. Organizational structure is a framework that an organization uses to run its operations (Wether and Chandler, 2006). It entails the ways and means through which an organization arranges its authority lines, communication, roles, duties and responsibilities of in dividuals and departments, and how all these components are incorporated into a single unit. To achieve this, the organization has adopted and applied a decentralized leadership model through its human resource department. With this model, the employees at all levels of the organization are involved in the daily running of the firm. They are always asked to offer their opinions and their views are always respected. In addition, they are also involved in the decision making process. This not only motivates them, but it also enables them to work in an effective and efficient manner (Hannagnan, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Relations HRM in a Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second objective of the human resource department is to develop the spirit of teamwork with all the employees of the organization. An organisation in which the members of staff work together as a team has a higher chance to succeed as compared to that which mainly relies on individual efforts (Thomas, 2002). Through teamwork, these different groups work together to ensure that the goals and objectives which have been set up by the organization are achieved. This gives different teams an opportunity to make decisions concerning their operations increasing their loyalty to the firm and at the same time, it fosters ownership. IKEA is made of a network of teams that work together to ensure that the entire consumer needs are met. These teams work hand in hand with each other. The individuals who are in these teams are skilled in their respective fields of expertise. The company also allows for the rotation of individuals from one department to the other, thus workers develop even new skills while they work at the firm (Belbin, 2010). Information Technology is widely used in the operations of the company and has especially improved the communications between various departments in the organization . The company through its policy allows its workers to further their education and skills to improve the excellence of their work. The company is normally involved in a serious of projects in their stores that are located in most parts of the world. A specific team conducts each project. On its completion, the team is disbanded and rearranged in preparation of a new project. IKEA therefore encourages teams and team working, a factor that has been contributing greatly to the success of the company over the years (Das and Teng, 2009). The third objective of the human resource department of IKEA is to develop a strong organizational culture. Organization culture is the attitude, beliefs, psychology and behaviour that an organization believes is best suited to follow to accomplish its goals (Schein, 2005). It is through this culture that IKEA has developed the means through which it deals with its members of the staff, stakeholders and other interested parties in general (Black, 2003). Through its organization culture, IKEA is able to differentiate itself from other organizations that deal with furniture manufacture and retail. The organization seeks to satisfy the needs of its customers first. There is also trust and respect from the employees to its customers, stakeholders and other individuals who visit its stores. The employees also have trust and respect to each other. This ensures that they more effectively and efficiently hence they are able to meet their personal as well as the organizational goals and objectives (Mullins, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Issues in Employment Relations and HRM in the Company Over the years, IKEA has had a strong human resource department. It is through this department that the organization has been able to meet most of its short-term and long-term goals and objectives. However, there has always been a constant issue between the department and the employees. For several years now, most of the employees have felt that the department needs to modify the manner it recruits, promotes and pay its employees (Gitman, 2008). It has been the tradition of the organization to recruit and train employees from the system rather than employing qualified personnel. Although the HR department views this as a strategy to reduce operating costs, other employees view this move as degenerating since not all the employees are competent enough to hold the position that they are trained for. In addition, this system does not create room for competition among employees that not only improves the operations of the organizatio n, but increases the skills and knowledge of the employees themselves. In addition, employees have always complained on the low payment rates that they received. It has been the tradition of IKEA to keep employees who have passion to work for the organization rather than making a lot of money. In the process, IKEA has lost some of its best employees to rival companies who have offered them better payment packages (Fontaine, 2007). Areas of Improvement With regards to the above problems, the HR department of IKEA needs to improve the manner in which it recruits and trains its staff. For the organization to continue to be effective and efficient, the HR department needs to recruit qualified personnel and, at the same time, maintain internal recruitment and training. This will ensure that the employees of the organization have the vigour and intensity that is required to keep up with the competition from rival companies. The HR department also needs to improve the methods with which it motivates its employees. At the present moment, the main method that the department uses to motivate its employees is through the provision of a conducive working environment. To improve on this, the department may increase the payment for its employees, offer job promotions, bonuses and rewards to hard working employees. This will make them work even harder. This strategy will also ensure that there is minimal staff turnover as a result of employees being stolen by other rival companies. Conclusion IKEA is the worlds leading retailer of household furniture and fittings. Through its effective strategies and management, the company has been successful for over 8 decades now. Despite this, IKEA has faced a lot of challenges especially in its HR department. To curb this problem, IKEA needs to modify the strategies that it has been employing in its HR department in order to meet the new market challenges and demands. This will ensure that the company’s profitability and sustaina bility are maintained in the long run. References Aaker, D.A., 2002. The Value of Brand Equity. Journal of Business Strategy, 13 (4), 27-32. Bian, X. and Moutinho, L., 2009. The Role of Brand Image, Product Involvement, and Knowledge in Explaining Consumer Purchase Behavior of Counterfeits Direct and Indirect Effects. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (1), pp. 191-216 Belbin, R.M., 2010. Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail. London: Elsevier Black, R. 2003. Organizational Culture: Creating the Influence Needed for  Strategic Success. London: Penguin Books Das, T.K. and Teng B.S., 2009. Cognitive Biases and Strategic Decision Processes.  Journal of Management Studies, 36 (6), pp. 757-778. Egan, J., 2000. Relationship Marketing. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Fontaine, C., 2007. Human Resource Management Base. Chicago: North Eastern University. Gitman, L., 2008. The Future of Business: The Essentials. Dallas: Cengage Learning. Gofman, A. and Mets, T., 2010. Consume r Behavior. Journal of Consumer  Marketing, 27 (2), pp. 157–168. Hannagnan, T., 2007. Management: Concepts and Practices. New York: Prentice Hall. Jugger, S., 2009. The Power of Consumers. Admap Magazine, 14 (2), pp. 51-55. Kotler, P., 1997. Marketing Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. McGinnis, S., 2008. Organization Behavior and Management Thinking, in Key Topics in Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miner, J. 2007. Organization Behavior: From Theory to Practice. Kinston: M.E Sharpe Mullins, L.J., 2010. Management Organizational Behavior. London: Prentice Hall. Nicolini, D., 2000. Organizational Learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37 (6), pp. 783-795. Peter. J.P., Olsen. J.C. and Grunet. K.G., 2009. Consumer Behavior and Marketing  Strategy. Chicago: McGraw-Hill international. Schein, E.H., 2005. Organization Culture and Leadership. New York: Jossey-Bass. Stone, R.J., 2008. Human Resource Management. New York: John Wiley Sons. Thomas, G., 2002. Effective Classroom Teamwork: Support Or Intrusion? London: Routledge. Wether, W and Chandler, D., 2006. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility:  Stakeholders in a Global Environment. Miami: Sage.

Music Censorship Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music Censorship - Research Proposal Example The uncensored music is increasingly receiving more airplay in the local media despite facing stiff opposition from some human rights activists and musicians. The following are some of the questions I have about the topic I would like to investigate: The second and third questions will make a good subject for a research paper. The research question for the paper would therefore either be; has the judicial system in America done enough to curb music censorship in the country? Or which laws do the American authorities need to draft and enact so as to increase the impacts of music censorship? This research question will be the most appropriate for the research paper since it will enable further research into the existing mechanisms for promoting music censorship. The question will also enable the research to discover what the American authorities are doing to fight issues like piracy which greatly affect the music industry (Weismann, et.al, 2003). In addition, the research question will enable the research to dwell on how the authorities can improve the conditions in the music industry and eventually the musician’s earnings. This research will be significant to the wider community since it will enable them to know the import ance and benefits of music censorship. Music censorship may have a wide variety of motivations behind it which may include military, political, ethical or religious reasons. It has been enforced through complete prohibition, the voluntary removal of some musical content to editing a piece of music. Music censorship has however been affected by several factors like piracy which have undercut its benefits to the larger society. There is however no law according to previous reports that has been enacted to control music censorship. The authoritative information sources for this research question include the American government that punishes any infringements made against copyrights and

Cross-Culture Management - the Breakdown of Industrial Relations at HM Term Paper

Cross-Culture Management - the Breakdown of Industrial Relations at HMSI and HRM Strategy - Term Paper Example This outcome resulted due to the malfunction of both management as well as the workers. The ultimate effect was on the breakdown of the Industrial Relations. The failure of the company stemmed from a breakdown of strategic sustenance. The environment on the shop floor was made harsh by the behaviour of the top executives. For instance, the VP from Japan kicked off a worker in his leg, another worker was not allowed to go to the toilet. These instances show the failure of following the HR strategies which was to have respect for each worker stemmed from equality, trust and initiative. The strategy was to avoid partiality on workers but the scenario was formed as such that it violated the norms of this strategy (Saini, â€Å"People Management Fiasco in Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd.†). Among the three joys that the company provided, the most important one was the joy of producing high-quality products. Along with these joys, an extension was made to its mission and that was the joy of creating which was to help workers obtain happiness in their daily work. Somewhere justice was not provided to the workers due to the prevalence of cross-cultural issues (Saini, â€Å"People Management Fiasco in Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd.†). Management of the above cross-cultural issues is essential to a firm’s success but the most important trait of an organizational success is the communication portrayed at the right time in the right form. The communication approach leads to a reduction of trade union violence within the  companies.  

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children When dealing with adults who lack capacity and children, a medical professional often has to make a difficult choice between safeguarding confidentiality and making disclosures to protect the particular patients welfare. CRITICALLY DISCUSS the extent to which the legal framework has so far succeeded when addressing the balancing exercise referred to above and whether confidentiality for these groups of patients is sufficiently safeguarded. Introduction: In this paper, through reference to the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales, the author will critically discuss the extent to which the law has managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand; and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other. The structure of this paper will be as follows: First, the author will examine the legal basis for any rights to confidentiality and non-disclosure that are conferred on children and adult patients who lack capacity, by the law of England and Wales. Second, the author will identify the legal provisions and/or common law decisions which purport to allow medical professionals to act in contravention of these rights, when to do so is deemed in the best interests of their patients. Third, the author will perform a review of the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales to determine the legal scope of these justified derogations. Fourth, the author will perform a literature review to indentify the extent to which medical professionals, in practice, manage to apply their discretion appropriately. Finally, the author will review the various mechanisms in place, if any, to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales. What is/are the legal basis/bases for the right to confidentiality enjoyed by children and adult patients who lack capacity? 2.1 Children patients who lack capacity and their ‘right(s)’ to confidentiality: Before the rights of this select group of patients to confidentiality are examined, it is first important to define what is meant by ‘children patients who lack capacity’. In this context, we are referring to the ‘capacity’ to provide legally valid consent to their doctors or other medical professionals to disclose their confidential medical information to third parties. Under statute, a child patient will be presumed to possess sufficient capacity to consent in the regard the moment that they have attained the age of 16 years. This is provided by section 8 of the Family Law Reform Act 1969, subsection (1) of which provides: â€Å"The consent of a minor who has attained the age of sixteen years to any surgical, medical or dental treatment which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a trespass to his person, shall be as effective as it would be if he were of full age; and where a minor has by virtue of this section given an effective consent to any treatment it shall not be necessary to obtain any consent for it from his parent or guardian.† Of course, this is merely a presumption. A particular child patient may have characteristics which invalidate this consent, even though they are over the age of 16. For example, if they qualify as a person who lacks consent under section 2 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which provides that: â€Å"[A] person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain.† It matters not whether this ‘impairment’ or ‘disturbance’ is temporary or permanent[1], but assessments must be made on the basis of the actual decision-making capacity of the individual[2], rather than through reference merely to the type of condition or impairment which that child is suffering from[3]. Such assessments are to be made on the balance of probabilities[4], i.e. a child patient who is between 16 and 18 years old wi ll be deemed to lack the necessary capacity to consent if it is more likely than not that he or she is unable to fully appreciate the implications of the decision which needs to be made. A child over the age of 16 may also be deemed to lack capacity to consent when they are physically unable to provide consent; for example, if they are unconscious[5]. Similarly, the presumption that a child under the age of 16 lacks the necessary capacity to consent can be rebutted if, upon an assessment of the decision-making ability of that patient, it is deemed that he or she â€Å"[has] achieve[d] a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what is proposed.[6]† A minor who possesses this required threshold of understanding and intelligence will be said to be ‘Gillick competent’. However, it is highly unlikely that a child under the age of 13 will ever be deemed so competent[7]. In conclusion, in this paper, when referring to child patients who lack capacity, we are referring (1) to minors who are under the age of 16 but who are not deemed to be Gillick competent; and, (2) to children who are 16 or 17 years of age, but who lack the necessary capacity to provide informed consent, perhaps because they are deemed to fail the test provided by section 3(1) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005; or, perhaps because they are unconscious, and are therefore physically unable to provide any consent whatsoever. Having established the categories of patient to which we are referring, now let us examine the legal bases for their ‘right’ to confidentiality: One such legal basis is provided by the Data Protection Act 1998, which was enacted to give effect to European Council Directive 95/46/EC. This Act creates a legal presumption that personal data may not be processed unless it is lawful to do so[8], it is processed fairly[9] and certain conditions are satisfied. In regard to the conditions which must be satisfied: Schedule 2 and 3 of the 1998 Act provide a list of conditions and, in order for information to be processed in accordance with the Act, at least one condition from both sections must be satisfied[10]. These conditions will be discussed at length in section 3 of this paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patient’s welfare. In regard to the requirement of fairness, in the medical context, Stauch et al (2002) write: â€Å"To be ‘fair’ the data must, in general terms, have been obtained from the patient honestly or in accordance with a legal obligation; the patient must have been told the purposes for which the information is to be processed; and the rules for providing access to the data subject must also have been observed.[11]† In regard to when it is deemed unlawful to process personal medical information, no definition of lawfulness is provided by the Data Protection Act 1998[12]. One can only assume that this refers to the legal requirements provided under the common law and also under the Human Rights Act 1998. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides: â€Å"(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.† In the recent case of Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002][13] it has been held that this right is conferred on all citizens, including children. However, from the wording of the Article, in particular Article 8(2) it is immediately clear that this right to confidentiality is subject to a broad public policy category of exception. The category of exception will be analysed in greater detail in section 3 of t his paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patient’s welfare. In regard to the common law right to privacy, this right is based upon equitable principle and therefore a breach of this right gives rise to a civil law cause of action only. Similar, but distinct, from the law of tort, one of the requirements which needs to be established before a common law right to confidentiality can be deemed to have arisen in any given case is a duty of confidentiality. This might arise from a contractual relationship between the parties or, in the medical context, simply from the fact that medical professionals are duty bound to respect the confidentiality of their patients[14]. However, this duty is also subject to a public interest exception: In this case of W v Edgell [1990][15], it was held by Lord Justice Bingham, who provided the leading judgment in this case, that: â€Å"the law treats such duties not as absolute but as liable to be overridden where there is held to be a stronger public interest in disclosure.[16]† To what extent the welfare of a child patient who lacks capacity to consent can serve as such a ‘public policy’ justification for derogation of this duty by medical professionals will form part of the subject of discussion in section 3 of this paper, below. 2.2 Adult patients who lack capacity and their ‘right(s)’ to confidentiality: An adult patient will be deemed to lack capacity either where he or she is unable, physically, to provide consent to disclosure; or, where that patient is deemed to lack capacity in accordance with the assessment criteria established under section 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. This group of patients enjoy the same rights to confidentiality as the children discussed in the previous subsection of this section of the paper; namely, they have a right under the Data Protection Act 1998 to have their personal data processed fairly and lawfully and only where certain pre-defined conditions has been satisfied; the right to privacy as provided by Article 8(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (but, likewise, subject to the public policy exceptions provided by Article 8(2) of that Act); and, the common law right to confidentiality. What is/are the legal basis/bases on which medical professionals are entitled to derogate from the right to confidentiality otherwise enjoyed by their children and adult patients who lack capacity, when derogation is deemed to be in the best interest of their patients’ welfare? In the previous section of this paper, we established that each of the various legal bases for the right to confidentiality and non-disclosure of children and adult patients who lack capacity are subject to exceptions. In regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 and also the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, the exception is one based upon considerations of ‘public policy’. In regard to the Data Protection Act 1998, the ‘exceptions’ are provided by Schedule 2 and 3 of the Act which set out a list of conditions, at least one from each schedule of which must be satisfied in order for a medical professional to be deemed entitled to disclose (i.e. ‘process’) the confidential information of his or her patients to 3rd parties. Let us now turn to examine to what extent ‘the welfare of these patients’ can be deemed a legitimate public policy justification for derogating from these patients’ right to confidentiality and also to what extent the conditions provided in schedule 2 and 3 of the Data Protection Act 1998 might be capable of being satisfied by considerations of patient welfare. Before we embark upon this analysis, it is important to remind ourselves of the practical circumstances with which a medical professional might be confronted when treating children or adult patients who lack capacity: First, it should be remembered that such medical professionals will not be able to ask these patients for consent, because they, by definition, are either physically or mentally incapable of providing such consent; and, second, in the context of children patients who lack consent and who are under the age of 16, medical professionals are required by law to involve the parents or legal guardians of those patients in any decision-making processes pertaining to the treatment of their children—therefore issues of disclosure to these types of third party are irrelevant[17]. Bearing these limitations in mind, let us examine the various categories of exception which operate to allow medical professionals to make disclosures in the absence of any consent (but not where consent has been withheld by the parents or legal guardians of the patients in question). The first point to note is that medical professionals are fully entitled to disclose medical information to other medical professionals who are also involved in the treatment of a child or adult patient who lacks capacity. Such disclosure is permissible under the Data Protection Act 1998 because one condition from Schedule 2 and one Condition from Schedule 3 are both satisfied; namely, the condition provided by s6(1) of Schedule 2 to the Act, which staes that, â€Å"[t]he processing is necessary for the purposes of legitimate interests pursued by the data controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data are disclosed, except where the processing is unwarranted in any particular case by reason of prejudice to the rights and freedoms or legitimate interests of the data subject;† and, the condition provided by s8(1) of Schedule 3 to the Act, which provides: â€Å"[t]he processing is necessary for medical purposes and is undertaken by— (a) a health professional , or (b) a person who in the circumstances owes a duty of confidentiality which is equivalent to that which would arise if that person were a health professional..† Such disclosures are made in the interests of the welfare of the patient, although assessments do not need to be made on a case-by-case basis as it is generally assumed that disclosure across medical professionals is legitimate and that consent for such disclosures would not be withheld. In regard to making disclosures to other non-medical parties: The various exceptions identified in the previous section of this paper all depend upon derogation being justified in the ‘public interest’. In regard to Article 8(2) of the Human Rights Act 1998, the words â€Å"necessary in the interests of the protection of health or morals,† does seem to suggest that derogation on grounds of the welfare of a particular patient would be deemed justified. This has been confirmed by the courts in the case of Z v Finland (1998)[18]. In regard to the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, we have already cited the case of W v Edgell [1990][19] as providing authority for the assertion that this duty can be overridden by competing public interests. It is highly unlikely that the Courts would wish to undermine the decisions of medical professions in this regard; after all, medical professionals are best qualified to determine how important disclosure is in any given case and therefore whether the duty of confidence should be overridden. As Bainham (2005) writes: â€Å"[I]t is debateable how far the courts would want to question, retrospectively the clinical judgment of the medical profession.[20]† In regard to making disclosures to non-medical 3rd parties under the Data Protection Act 1998, while little direct guidance can be found within the wording of the 1998 Act itself, the General Medical Council (2000), at paragraph 27 of its official publication entitled ‘Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information’, seems to suggest that disclosure on grounds of patient welfare will be considered a justified processing aim under the Data Protection Act 1998: â€Å"Disclosure of personal information without consent may be justified in the public interest where failure to do so may expose the patient to risk of death or serious harm. Where the patient [is] exposed to a risk so serious that it outweighs the patient’s privacy interest, you should seek consent to disclosure where practicable. If it is not practicable to seek consent, you should disclose information promptly to an appropriate person or authority.† It must be noted that this guidance notes does not suggest that disclosure will be justified where the risk to the patient is only minor, but provides no insight into how to assess the seriousness of any given welfare risk. Of course, if death is a risk faced by the patient if disclosure is not made, then this will automatically be deemed sufficiently serious. The legal framework: How have the courts of England and Wales purported to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights (to confidentiality) of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand; and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other? Much of this analysis has already been conducted in the previous sections of this paper, when determining the extent of patients’ rights to confidentiality and also the extent of medical professionals’ duties of confidentiality to their child and adult patients who lack capacity. However, one key fact has been omitted: Throughout this paper we have seen how many of the exceptions available at law to patients’ rights to confidentiality depend upon a notion of the ‘public interest’. It should be noted that the courts have been reluctant to provide any categorical definitions of this phrase. Rather, they have approached the matter on a case by case basis, with pragmatism. Those cases in which the Courts have held disclosure to be in breach of patients’ rights to confidentiality generally have involved circumstances where information has been released for interests other than those pertaining to the welfare of particular patients. For example, in the case of X v Y [1988][21] Rose J held that the disclosure of medical information for the purposes of protecting other employees was not a sufficient ground upon which to invoke the public interest defence. In cases where the disclosure was made in the interests of that patient, particularly, then the Courts are therefore likely to be more willing to allow the public interest defence to succeed. This makes sense, when one considers that the Courts are generally concerned with the harm or potential for harm caused by a disclosure to the patient over which the sensitive medical information pertains[22]. The Courts and medical professionals should also take into account that it is in the public interest to protect patients’ rights to confidentiality wherever possible. As Leung (2000) notes, if the right to confidentiality is not protected, then this could have far-reaching adverse consequences on the level of healthcare which is able to be provided by the National Health Service—patients will be less willing to be open and honest about sensitive facts, and therefore it may be less easy to diagnose and treat such persons[23]. What, if any, mechanisms are in place to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales? Of course, the primary mechanism which is in place is the right to private law action which patients are entitled to pursue in the event of a perceived breach of their data protection or privacy rights. The result of such actions will depend upon whether or not, in any given case, the court deems it appropriate to allow the defendant medical professional(s) to enjoy the protection afforded by the public interest defence. As we have argued in the previous section of this paper, where the reasons for disclosure were based solely on considerations of the particular patient’s welfare, then it is highly likely that the claimant’s case will fail. However, not every victim of breach will decide to take legal action and therefore it is not wholly appropriate to rely upon this mechanism to ensure that medical professionals remain compliant with their data protection and confidentiality duties. That having been said, this author can find no evidence of any other mechanisms which have been developed to measure compliance in this regard. Conclusions: The statement at the top of this paper suggests that it is difficult for medical professionals to decide whether or not to disclose personal information of children and adult patients who lack capacity to 3rd parties, when to do so is in the interests of the welfare of their particular patients. In fact, as we have seen, so long as the interests contemplated really are based upon considerations of patient welfare, then this decision is not a difficult one at all: Disclosure is such cases should be made. The fact that the patients themselves are unable to provide consent or, more importantly, withhold it, makes this assessment all the more easy. In regard to how well the law manages to safeguard the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity to confidentiality: These rights are all, without exception, conditional and capable of being overridden in the public interest. While the Courts do seem to approach determinations of when the public interest defence should be allowed to succeed in a pragmatic and sensible way, taking into account the harm caused by each breach in question; it is arguable that some form of monitoring and accountability mechanism should be introduced at the practitioner level, to ensure that medical professionals are remaining compliant even where their patients, for whatever reasons, do not decide to take legal action for perceived breaches of their data protection and privacy rights. References: The Data Protection Act 1998 The Data Protection Directive, European Directive 95/46/EC The Human Rights Act 1998 The Mental Capacity Act 2005 Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 F.L.R. 962 Bainham, A. (2005) Children: The Modern Law. Jordan Publishing. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402 GMC (2000) Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information. Available online at http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/current/library/confidentiality.asp W v Edgell [1990] 1 ALL ER 835 Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371 X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648. Devereux, J., and Moore, R. (2002) Medical Law. Routledge and Cavendish Publishing, 2002. Stauch, M., Wheat, K., and Tingle, J. (2002) Sourcebook on Medical Law. Routledge Publishing,2002. Bailey, P. Harbour, A. (1999) The law and a child’s consent to treatment (England and Wales). Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 30–34. Wei, G. (2002) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Life Sciences and the Law. NUS Press Publishing, 2002. Leung, W. (2000) Law for Doctors. Blackwell Publishing, 2000. Footnotes [1] Section 2(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [2] The applicable criteria are provided by section 3(1) to (4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [3] Section 2(3)(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [4] Section 2(4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [5] Not merely asleep! [6] Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402, per Lord Scarman. [7] Bailey and Harbour (1999) p32 [8] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998. [9] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998. [10] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1(a) and (b) of the Data Protection Act 1998. [11] Stauch et al (2002) p282 [12] Ibid. [13] Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 F.L.R. 962 [14] For example, [15] W v Edgell [1990] 1 Ch 359. [16] Cited by Devereux and Moore (2002) p343 [17] As Bainham (2005) p330 writes: â€Å"But what of immature children who would fail the test of Gillick competence? Here, the obvious implication of Gillick was that the parent’s right to give or withhold consent would remain intact, and this has been confirmed by the later Court of Appeal decisions. Are there, then, any circumstances under which a doctor may act against parental wishes because he judges it in the clild’s best interests to do so? It must be said that, as the law stands, this would be a precarious course of action† [18] Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371 [19] W v Edgell [1990] 1 Ch 359. [20] Bainham (2005) p331 [21] X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648. [22] Wei (2002) p95 [23] Leung (2000) p45